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ื•ื‘ื’ืคืŸ ืฉืœืฉื” ืฉืจื™ื’ื™ื - ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืืœืื’'ื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ื•ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื”ื


ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื•ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื™ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ืช ื”ืจ ืขืฆื™ื•ืŸ

ืžืืช: ื“ื•ื“ ืืจื•ื ื•ื‘ืกืงื™

ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืคืืœืื’'ื™ (ืืค"ื™) ื–ืฆ"ืœ

ืœืจื‘ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ืคืืœืื’'ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืฉืœืฉื” ื‘ื ื™ื, ืฉืœืฉืชื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ ืชื•ืจื” ืžื•ืคืœื’ื™ื ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจื™ ืกืคืจื™ื. ื‘ื”ืกื›ืžื” ืœืกืคืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืคืืœืื’'ื™ ื”ื•ื ืชื•ืœื” ืืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ื–ื›ื” ืœื›ืš, ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขืงืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ื”ื ืคืœืื™ื ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœื—ืจื™ื–ื” ื•ืœืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืœืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื ืคืœืื” ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื” ืžืฉื‘ืจื™ ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžืืžืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ :

"ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืื‘ื•ืช - "ืžื›ื“ื™ ื™ื“ืขื ื ื‘ื ืคืฉื™, ืœื ืžืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืงื˜ื•ื ืชื™ ืื™ื ื™ ื›ื“ืื™, ื™ืฉ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืชื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ืื—ืจื™ื, ื–ืจื•ืง ื—ื•ื˜ืจื ืืื•ื™ืจื ืืขื™ืงืจื ืงืื™ ื“ื•ืจ ื™ืฉืจื™ื, ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื‘ื•ืช ืœื ืชืžื” ืœืงื™ื™ื ืžื™ืœื™ ื“ืื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืื™ื ืŸ ืžืขื›ื‘ื•ืช ืื ื™ ื‘ืฆื“ืง ืื—ื–ื”, ืžืืฉืจ ืœืื‘ื™ื ื• ืขืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจื‘ ื–ืงืŸ ืจืืฉ ื”ืžืžืฉืœื”, ืจื‘ ืชื ื ื™ืจื•ืฉืœืžืื” ืžืฉื™ืจื™ ื›ื ื”"ื’, ื ืฉื™ื ืืœื”ื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื• ื‘ืขืœ ื—ืงืจื™ ืœื‘ ืžื•"ืจ ื”ื’ืื•ืŸ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกื ืžืจ ื–ืงื ื™, ืื•ืจ ื”ื™ืจ"ื— ืกืชืจื™ ื•ืžื’ื™ื ื™, ื“ื”ื•ื” ืžืจื’ืœื ื‘ืคื•ืžื™ื”, ืžื™ื ื™ื” ืž' ื–ืžื ื™ืŸ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืืชืจืžื™, ื•ื™ื‘ืจืš ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืจื›ื” ืฉืœืžื”, ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืชื™ืš ื›ืžื•ืš ื ื—ืœ ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ื›ืžื”, ื ื˜ื™ืขื•ืช ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฉืจืฉื™ื, ื–ืจืข ื‘ืจืš ืฆืืŸ ืงื“ืฉื™ื, ื•ื‘ืจื•ืš ื”' ื›ื™ ื”ืคืœื™ื ื—ืกื“ื• ืœื™ ืฉื”ืจื™ ื ืชืงื™ื™ืžื” ื‘ื™ ืœื›ืŸ ืฉืžื— ืœื‘ื™, ื ืชืŸ ืœื™ ื”'ื ืืœืงื™ ืฆื“ืงื™, ืžื›ืœ ืขืžืœื™ ืžื ืช ื—ืœืงื™ ื’' ืฉืจื™ื’ื™ื ื“ื™ืชื‘ื™ืŸ ื•ืขืกืงื™ ื‘ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ืงื“ื™ืฉืชื ืชืžื™ื“ ืœื ื™ื—ืฉื• ื”ืžืฆืคืฆืคื™ื ื•ื”ืžื”ื’ื™ื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ ื’' ื”ืžื” ืžื˜ื™ื‘ื™ ืžื™ืจืื™ ื”' ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™, ืฉื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ืฉื‘ืช ืชื—ื›ืžื•ื ื™ ื”ืžืชื—ืกื“ ืขื ืงื•ื ื• ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ืฉืœื ื•ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืขืฆื•"ืจ ืคื—ื“ ื™ืฆื—ืง ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจื• ืื•ืจ ื ืขืจื‘ ืื•ืจ ืชืœื™ืชืื™, ืฉื ืงื˜ืŸ ืžืฉื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื“ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืขืœื™ ื›ื’ื•ืคืื™ ื”ื—ื›ื ื”ืฉืœื ื•ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ื•ืขื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืื•ืช ืœืขื•ืœืžื™ ืขื•ืœืžื™ื. ืขื•ืœื” ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ื”ืŸ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื ืืžืจ ื‘ืื‘ืจื”ื ".

ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื›ื•ืช ืกื‘ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื™"ืฃ - ื”ืจืืฉืœ"ืฆ ื”ืจื‘ ืจืคืืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื–ืŸ ื–ืฆ"ืœ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื•"ืช ื”ืœืžื“ื ื™ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ "ื—ืงืจื™ ืœื‘" (1741-1820). ืื•ืœื ื”ื—ื‘ื™"ืฃ ืœื ืžืกืชืคืง ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื” ื–ื• ื•ืžืืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืงืจื“ื™ื˜ ื•ืคืจื’ื•ืŸ ืœืจืขื™ืชื• 'ืื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื' ื”ืจื‘ื ื™ืช ืืกืชืจ (=ืืกืชืจื•ืœ'ื”):

"ืขื•ื“ ื–ืืช ื ืžื˜ื™ื” ืกื™ื‘ื”, ืžืฆื“ ื”ืื ื“ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ื”, ื›ื™ ื›ืืจืฅ ืชื•ืฆื™ื ืฆืžื—ื”, ืœื–ืืช ื™ืงืจื ืืฉื” ืื ื”ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื”, ื‘ืช ืžืœื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืขืฆื™ ืืจืฅ ื•ื™ื”ืœืœื•ื” ื‘ืฉืขืจื™ื, ืฉื—ื™ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืืฉืช ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืืกืชืจ ื”ืžืœื›ื” ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืžื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื”ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื”ื’ื™ื“ื• ื‘ืฉืคื” ื‘ืจื•ืจื”, ืžืœืชื ื‘ื˜ืขืžื ื›ื™ ืื ืœื‘ื™ื ื” ืชืงืจื...ื•ืข"ื› ื—ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื”ืชืคืœืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื” ื•ืœื”ื“ืจืขื™ืš ืื•ืชื ื›ื“ืืžืจื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช 'ื”ื ื™ ื ืฉื™ ื‘ืžืื™ ื–ื›ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืืงืจื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื”ื• ืœื‘ื™ ื›ื ื™ืฉืชื.."....ื–ืืช ืขื•ืœื” ืžืŸ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื“ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื™ื•ืฆื ื›ื™ ื”ื›ืœ ืฉืœื”, ื™ืฉ ืื ืœืžืงืจื ื ืื•ื” ืชื”ื™ืœื” ืื™ืžื™ื” ื“ืื‘ืจื”ื'"

ย 

ืœืžืจื•ืช ืขื ื•ื•ื ื•ืชื• ื ืจืื” ืฉื’ื ืœื—ื‘ื™"ืฃ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื—ื›ืžื”, ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžื” ื”ื "ืœ ืขืœ ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื• ืขื ื‘ื ื• ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœื• ื”ืกื‘ื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื•:

"ื•ื—ืกื“ื™ ื”' ืื–ื›ื™ืจ ืชื”ืœื•ืช ื”' ื“ื‘ื“ื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื•ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื ื“ื–ื™ื›ื ื• ื”' ื‘ืจื—ืžื™ื• ื“ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืขื•ื“ ืื‘ื™ ื—ื™ ื–ืงืŸ ื•ื™ื•ืฉื‘ ื‘ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขื˜"ืจ ื”ืจื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืื‘ื ืžืืจื™ ืื‘ื™ืจ ื™ืขืงื‘ ื–"ืœ. ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืœื•ืžื“ื™ื ืชืœืชื ื›ื—ื“ื. ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”. ื•ื›ืžื” ืคืขืžื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจ ื•ื‘ื“ื™ื• ืขืœ ืงื•ืฉื™ื ืื—ืช ื’' ืชื™ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื•ื”ืžื” ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื. ืื—ืช ืžื”ืจื‘ ืื‘ื™ ื”ืขื–ืจื™ ืืฉืจ ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื• ืžืขืจื™ื‘ ืขืจื‘ื™ื, ื•ื”ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžืื™ ื“ืžืฆื™ื ื ืœืืฉืชืขื•ื™ื™ ืื ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืจ ื“ืื™ื›ื ืœืฉื ื•ื™ื™, ื•ื”ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืžืฉื•ืœืฉ ื”ืŸ ื›ืœ ื™ืงืจ ืจืืชื” ืขื™ื ื™ ืืžืจ ืืœื™ ื‘ื ื™"

ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืคืืœืื’'ื™, ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื” ืืค"ื™ (1810-1899). ื”ื™ื” ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ืฉืงื™ื“ืชื• ื‘ืชื•ืจื” , ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื—ื‘ื™"ืฃ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœื• ืœื”ืขืœื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘, ื•ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื‘ืกืคืจื™ื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืœ ื‘ื ื• ืฉื—ื™ื“ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื™ืœ 17. ืกืคืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉื ื“ืคืก ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื• ื›ื‘ืŸ ืืจื‘ืขื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกืคืจ "ืฉืžืข ืื‘ืจื”ื" - ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉืŸ ืžืฉืคื˜, ื•ื™ืฆื ื‘ืฉืœื•ื ื™ืงื™ ืชืจ"ื™ 1850, ืœืื—ืž"ื› ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื›ืขืฉืจื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ื•ืœื ืงืจื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ืœืงื™ ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื• ืื‘ืจื”ื , ื‘ื›ืš ื”ืœืš ืจ' ืื‘ืจื”ื ื‘ื“ืจื›ื• ืฉืœ ืื‘ื™ื• ื”ื—ื‘ื™"ืฃ ืฉืœืžืจื‘ื™ืช 80 ืกืคืจื™ื• ืงืจื ื‘ืฆื™ืจื•ืคื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ืคืกื•ืงื™ื ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื•: ื—ื™ื™ื. ื•ืืœื• ืฉืžื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื•:

"ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื–ื›ื•ืจ, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืื ื›ื™, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืช ื™ื“ื•, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืืช ืขื™ื ื™ื•, ืื‘ืจื”ื ืฉื ื™ืช, ื‘ืจืš ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ืื‘ืจื”ื ื–ืงืŸ, ื•ื”ื•ื›ื™ื— ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ื™ืžื”ืจ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ื™ืขืŸ ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ื™ืงืจื ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ื™ืฉื›ื ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื–ื›ื•ืชื™ื” ื“ืื‘ืจื”ื, ืคื“ื” ืืช ืื‘ืจื”ื, ืฉืžื• ืื‘ืจื”ื, ื•ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื™ืขืงื‘ - ืฉื•"ืช ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื™ืขืงื‘ ืขืงืจื™ืฉ ืฉืื™ื‘ื“ ืขืฆืžื• ืœื“ืขืช ื•ืฆื•ืื” ืžื—ื™ื™ื - ืžื” ืฉืฆื™ื•ื” ื”ื—ื‘ื™"ืฃ ืœื‘ื ื™ื• ืขื ืžืืžืจ ืขืœ ืžื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื™"ืฃ.

ืœืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืกืคืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ื‘ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื ืฉื ืฉืจืคื• ื’ื ื”ื ื‘ืฉืจืคื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืื™ื–ืžื™ืจ ื‘1841 ื•ืœื ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ื–ื›ื” ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ. ื‘1870 ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื›ืกื ืื‘ื™ื• ื–"ืœ ื›"ืจื‘ ื”ื›ื•ืœืœ" ืฉืœ ืื™ื–ืžื™ืจ. ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื›"ื’ ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืจื "ื˜ (1899).


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ื‘ื ื• ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื™"ืฃ ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ ืจื—ืžื™ื ื ื™ืกื™ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ืคืืœืื’'ื™ (1813-1907) ื”ื ื•ื“ืข ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืจื "ื™, ื”ื™ื” ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืช"ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื ืฉื ื•ื ืชืŸ ืขื ืื‘ื™ื• ื•ืื—ื™ื• ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื”ืœื›ื”. ืกืคืจื• ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืจื"ืฉ - ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืœื•ืงื˜ ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื•ืกื•ืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืื‘ื•ืช ื“ืจื‘ื™ ื ืชืŸ, ืœืกืคืจื• ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ืคืจืฉื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืคืจืฉืช ื•ื™ืงืจื ื•ืื™ืœืš ืงืจื ื‘ืคืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช 'ื•ื™ืงืจื ื™ืฆื—ืง' (ื”ืฉื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื”ื™ื” ืฉืžื• ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™). ืื•ืœื ืœืฉืืจ ืกืคืจื™ื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ 'ื™ืคื”' ืฉื”ื•ื ืจ"ืช: ื™ืฆื—ืง ืคืืœืื’'ื™ ื”ื™"ื• : ื ืคืฉ ื”ื™ืคื”, ืื ืš ื™ืคื”, ื—ืœืง ื™ืคื”, ื™ืคื” ืœืขื™ื ื™ื, ื™ืคื” ืชืœืžื•ื“, ืขื™ืŸ ื™ืคื”! ืกืคืจื• ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืžื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื: ื™ืคื” ืœืœื‘ - ืชืฉืขื” ื›ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื“ื•ืฉื™ ื“ื™ื ื™ื ืกืคืงื•ืช ื•ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช, ื”ื’ื”ื•ืช ื•ืชื™ืงื•ื ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื“ืจ ื”ืฉื•"ืข. ื”ืกืคืจ ืฉื™ืฆื ื‘ืื™ื–ืžื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ืชืจืœ"--ืชืจืก"ื• (1872-1906) (ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืžื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืืฆืœื ื• ื‘ืกืคืจื™ืช ืชืžืจ ืฉ /303) ื™ืฆื ืœืื•ืจ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืชืฉืข"ื• ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืžืคื•ืืจืช ื‘ืฆืจื•ืฃ ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืžื—ื›ื™ืžื•ืช ืข"ื™ ืžืคืขืœ ืžืคืจืฉื™ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืจื•ืš ื‘ืจืืฉื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชืŸ (ื“ / 6.1 / 23), ืœืจื‘ ืจื "ื™ ื”ื™ื• ืจืง ื‘ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคืชื™ื—ื” ืœืกืคืจื• ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืชื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช: "ื•ืขื•ื“ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืœื‘ื™ ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื–ืืช ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขืฉื•ืช ืกืคืจื™ื. ืœืžืขืŸ ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืœื–ื›ืจ ืขื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืฉืžื™ ื‘ืžื—ื ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื. ืชื—ืช ื™ื•ืคื™ ื•ืชืคืืจืช ื‘ื ื™ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื. ื•ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืœื™ ืกื’ื•ืœื” ืกื™ืžืŸ ื™ืคื” ืœื‘ื ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ืŸ ื“ื›ืจื™ืŸ ื“ื™ื”ื•ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ืจืข ืื ืฉื™ื. ื›ื•ืœื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื. ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ื‘ื”ื ื›ืœ ืžื•ื ื•ื™ืคื” ืžืจืื” ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ ืœื‘. ื•ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื ื›ื›ืœ ื—ื›ืžื” ื—ื›ืžืช ืœื‘"


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ื”ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื”ื™ื” ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืคืืœืื’'ื™, ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืœื ื™ ื•ื‘ืขืœ ื™ืกื•ืจื™ื ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื”ืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžืจื‘ื™ืช ื›ื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื• ืœืขื–ืจื” ืœืื‘ื™ื• ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืืช ืกืคืจื™ื•. ืฉื ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื ืžืฉืœื• ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ, ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืชื• ื—ื™ื‘ืจ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ืจื‘ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื”ื•ื ืกืคืจ ื‘ืœืื“ื™ื ื• ื•ืขื ื™ื ื• 'ืœื™ืงื•ื˜ ืžื›ืœ ืกืคืจื™ ื—ื–"ืœ ืขืœ ืžืขืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง'. ืข"ืค ื-ื‘, ื•ื—ืœืง ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืฉื ืืžืจื™ ื•ืฉื‘ื—ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ืฆื“ื™ืง. ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืกืคืจ ื ื›ืชื‘ ืข"ื™ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื—ื™ื• ืื‘ืจื”ื ื ืงืจื ื”ืกืคืจ "ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ืจื”ื" ืข"ืค ื”ืคืกื•ืง "ื•ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื•ื™ืงื— ืืฉื” ื•ืฉืžื” ืงื˜ื•ืจื”". ื”ืกืคืจ ื™ืฆื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžืชื•ืจื’ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ื‘ืชืฉืก"ื–, ื•ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืชืจืฉื ืžืžื ื• ื‘ืกืคืงืจื™ืชื ื• (ื / 9.3 / 21).

ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื™ืžื™ื• ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืืช ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื”ืœื›ื”, ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืœืคื™ ื”ื-ื‘ (ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืฉื“ื™ ื—ืžื“ ื•ืขื•ื“) , ืœืกืคืจ ืงืจื "ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืช ืื—ื™ื•" ื•ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื ื™ืžืง ืืช ื”ืฉื ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื”ืงื“ืžืชื• "ื•ืœื–ื” ืœื™ ืœืชื”ืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื–ื ื‘ ืœืืจื™ื•ืช ืืช ืื—ื™ ื•ืื ื›ื™, ืื—ื™ ื“ืžืจื—ืžื™ ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืงื“ืฉ ืจ"ืž ื•ืจ"ืž ืขื˜"ืจ ืžื•ื”"ืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื—ื™' ื™ืค'ืช ืžืขื•ื– ื•ืžื’ื“ื•ืœ ืื“ื•ื ื™ ืื‘ืจื”ื ื ืจ"ื• ื™ืฉืœ"ื [=ื™ื”ื™ ืฉืžื• ืœืขื•ืœื ืืžืŸ] ื•ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืจืืฉ ื‘ื™ืช ื“ื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื“ืฉ ืจื‘ ืื—ื ืžืฉื‘ื—ื ื”ืจื‘ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืจื‘ื™'ืŸ [=ืจื‘ื™ ืจื—ืžื™ื ื™ืฆื—ืง ื ื™ืกื™ื] ื ืจ"ื• ื™ืฉืœ"ื, ื•ื”ื ื” ื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืงื•ื ื˜ืจืก ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืจืš ืื—ื“ ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืื•ืจื™ื™ืชื ื“ื™ืœื™ื™ื”ื• ื”ืืžื•ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ืจื ื™ืฉืจื”, ื•ื”ื’ื ืฉื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื“ื‘ืจื™ ืœืžื• ื™ื—ื“ ื›ืชืจื™ ื‘ื˜ื™ืœื”, ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช ื‘ื—ืจืชื™ ื”ืกืชื•ืคืฃ ืขืžื”ื, ื›ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื“ืขืžื”ื ืื›ื‘ื“'ื”. ื•ืขืœ ื–ื” ืงืจืืชื™ ืฉื ื”ืงื•ื ื˜ืจื™ืก ื”ืœื–ื” 'ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืืช ืื—ื™ื•' ืฉื–ื›ื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื 'ื™ื•ืกืฃ ืขื ืื—ื™ื•' ืฉื ื™ ืฆื ืชืจื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืจื”, ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื—ืœืงื™ ื•ืžื” ื ืขื™ื ื’ื•ืจืœื™' ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื™". ืจื‘ื™ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื”ื’ื™ืข ื‘ืกืคืจื• ืจืง ืœืื•ืช ื”' ื•ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื‘ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื›"ื’ ื˜ื‘ืช ืชืจื "ื˜ 1899 ื‘ืื™ื–ืžื™ืจ.

ื ืชืคืœืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื ื• ืฉื™ื’ื“ืœื• ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืœืชืœืžื™ื“ื™ ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื›ืฉืชื™ืœื™ ื–ื™ืชื™ื, ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื” ืฉื™ื—ื™ื• ื‘ืื”ื‘ื” ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื” ืžืชื•ืš ืคืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื“ื™ ื•ืื—ื•ื•ืช ืื—ื™ื ืืžื™ืชื™ืช - ื›'ืฉืœืฉืช ื”ืฉืจื™ื’ื™ื' ืืฉืจ ืœื‘ื™ืช ืคืืœืื’'ื™ ื–ืฆ"ืœ - ืชื•ืจืชื ื•ืฆื“ื™ืงื•ืชื ื™ื’ื ื• ืขืœื™ื ื• ืืžืŸ!




ืคื•ืกื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ื ื™ื

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